Requests 库-白红宇

Requests 库

阅读量：5874 次

发布时间：2019-06-19

本文共 8835 字，大约阅读时间需要 29 分钟。

1、概览

1.1、实例引入

# 引入Requests库 import requests # 发起GET请求 response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/') # 查看响应类型  requests.models.Response print(type(response)) # 输出状态码 print(response.status_code) # 输出响应内容类型  text print(type(response.text)) # 输出响应内容 print(response.text) # 输出cookies print(response.cookies)

1.2、各种请求方式

import requests # 发起POST请求 requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post') # 发起PUT请求 requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put') # 发起DELETE请求 requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') # 发送HEAD请求 requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') # 发送OPTION请求 requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')

2、请求

2.1 、基本GET请求

2.1.1、基本写法

import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print(response.text)

2.1.2、带参数的GET请求

import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=jyx&age=18') print(response.text)

2.1.3、带参数的GET请求(2)

import requests # 分装GET请求参数 param = {
    'name':'jyx','age':19} # 设置GET请求参数(Params) response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=param) print(response.text)

2.1.4、解析json

import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') # 获取响应内容 print(type(response.text)) # 如果响应内容是json,就将其转为json print(response.json()) # 输出的是字典类型 print(type(response.json()))

2.1.5、获取二进制数据

import requests response = requests.get('http://github.com/favicon.ico') # str，bytes print(type(response.text),type(response.content)) # 输出响应的文本内容 print(response.text) # 输出响应的二进制内容 print(response.content) # 下载二进制数据到本地 with open('favicon.ico','wb') as f:   f.write(response.content)   f.close()

2.1.6、添加headers

import requests # 设置User-Agent浏览器信息 headers = {
          "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36" } # 设置请求头信息 response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers=headers) print(response.text)

2.2、基本POST请求

import requests # 设置传入post表单信息 data= { 'name':'jyx', 'age':18} # 设置请求头信息 headers = {
          "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.133 Safari/537.36" } # 设置请求头信息和POST请求参数(data) response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data, headers=headers) print(response.text)

3、响应

3.1 response属性

import requests response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/') # 获取响应状态码 print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code) # 获取响应头信息  print(type(response.headers),response.headers) # 获取响应头中的cookies print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies) # 获取访问的url  print(type(response.url),response.url) # 获取访问的历史记录  print(type(response.history),response.history)

3.2、状态码判断

import requests response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com/404.html') # 使用request内置的字母判断状态码 if not response.status_code == requests.codes.ok:     print('404-1') response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com') # 使用状态码数字判断 if not response.status_code == 200:     print('404-2')

3.3 requests内置的状态字符

100: ('continue',),

101: ('switching_protocols',),

102: ('processing',),

103: ('checkpoint',),

122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),

200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),

201: ('created',),

202: ('accepted',),

203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),

204: ('no_content',),

205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),

206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),

207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),

208: ('already_reported',),

226: ('im_used',),

# Redirection.

300: ('multiple_choices',),

301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\'),

302: ('found',),

303: ('see_other', 'other'),

304: ('not_modified',),

305: ('use_proxy',),

306: ('switch_proxy',),

307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),

308: ('permanent_redirect', 'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

# Client Error.

400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),

401: ('unauthorized',),

402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),

403: ('forbidden',),

404: ('not_found', '-'),

405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),

406: ('not_acceptable',),

407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),

408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),

409: ('conflict',),

410: ('gone',),

411: ('length_required',),

412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),

413: ('request_entity_too_large',),

414: ('request_uri_too_large',),

415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),

416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),

417: ('expectation_failed',),

418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),

421: ('misdirected_request',),

422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),

423: ('locked',),

424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),

425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),

426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),

428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),

429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),

431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),

444: ('no_response', 'none'),

449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),

450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),

451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),

499: ('client_closed_request',),

# Server Error.

500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),

501: ('not_implemented',),

502: ('bad_gateway',),

503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),

504: ('gateway_timeout',),

505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),

506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),

507: ('insufficient_storage',),

509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),

510: ('not_extended',),

511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

4、高级操作

4.1、文件上传

import requests files = {
    'file':open('favicon.ico','rb')} # 往POST请求头中设置文件(files) response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files=files) print(response.text)

4.2、获取cookies

import requests response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com') print(response.cookies) for key,value in response.cookies.items():     print(key,'=====',value)

4.3、会话维持

4.3.1、普通请求

import requests requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456') response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies') # 本质上是两次不同的请求，session不一致 print(response.text)

4.3.2、会话维持请求

import requests # 从Requests中获取session session = requests.session() # 使用seesion去请求保证了请求是同一个session session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/12456') response = session.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies') print(response.text)

4.4、证书验证

4.4.1、无证书访问

import requests response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn') # 在请求https时，request会进行证书的验证，如果验证失败则会抛出异常 print(response.status_code)

4.4.2、关闭证书验证

import requests # 关闭验证，但是仍然会报出证书警告 response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False) print(response.status_code)

4.4.3、消除关闭证书验证的警告

from requests.packages import urllib3 import requests # 关闭警告 urllib3.disable_warnings() response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False) print(response.status_code)

4.4.4、手动设置证书

import requests # 设置本地证书 response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key')) print(response.status_code)

4.5、代理设置

4.5.1、设置普通代理

import requests proxies = {
        "http": "http://127.0.0.1:9743",     "https": "https://127.0.0.1:9743", } # 往请求中设置代理(proxies ) response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)

4.5.2、设置带有用户名和密码的代理

import requests proxies = {
        "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743/", } response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)

4.5.3、设置socks代理

pip3 install 'requests[socks]

import requests proxies = {
        'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',     'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742' } response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)

4.6、超时设置

import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout      try:    # 设置必须在500ms内收到响应，不然或抛出ReadTimeout异常    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout=0.5)             print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout:    print('Timeout')

4.7、认证设置

import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123')) # r = requests.get('http://120.27.34.24:9001', auth=('user', '123')) print(r.status_code)

4.8、异常处理

import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException try:    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)            print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout:    # 超时异常    print('Timeout') except ConnectionError:    # 连接异常    print('Connection error') except RequestException:    # 请求异常    print('Error') #把cookie对象转化为字典